![]() ![]() Under salt stress, excess Na + is perceived rapidly and triggers downstream sodium stress responses ( Figure 1). Early signals that trigger a salt stress response include excess Na +, the alteration of intracellular Ca 2+ levels, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The sensing of salt stress signals initiates a wide array of complex transduction pathways in plants. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant salt stress regulation will provide insight on how to improve plant salt stress resistance and is a critical step in improving agricultural productivity and food security. This review briefly describes the recent progress in our understanding of salt stress responses and the underlying regulatory mechanisms in plants, focusing on salt stress signal sensing and transduction. These mechanisms rely on multiple regulatory elements, such as phytohormones, lipids, the cell wall, and the cytoskeleton. These strategies include a series of signaling transduction pathways that are involved in activities ranging from salt stress sensing to the expression of many salt-stress-responsive genes, which regulate processes including ion transport, osmotic homeostasis, and detoxification. Īs sessile organisms, plants have to develop various strategies to adapt to saline environments. Salt stress also influences sugar signaling and alters the levels of sugars, such as sucrose, fructose, and glycolysis. Importantly, the enzyme activities or protein stabilities of the key enzymes in photosynthesis, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphophate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), are affected through modulating the glycation under salt stress condition. ![]() Salt stress affects light-harvesting complex formation and regulates the state transition of photosynthesis. Together, salt stress leads to various physiological and molecular changes and impedes plant growth by inhibiting photosynthesis, thus reducing the available resources and repressing cell division and expansion. These primary stresses result in oxidative stress and can cause a series of secondary stresses. Water deficiency and nutritional imbalance induce primary stresses, including osmotic stress and ionic stress. The high concentrations of sodium in saline soil limits water uptake and the absorption of nutrients in the plant. Salt stress adversely impacts plants by hindering seed germination, growth and development, and flowering and fruiting. The cultivation and development of salt-tolerant crop varieties are key strategies for increasing crop productivity and yield and ensuring global food security. High salinity hampers glycophytes’ growth and development, seriously limiting crop productivity and challenging food security. In contrast, glycophytes are salinity-sensitive plants, in which growth and development are adversely inhibited by soil salinization. Halophytes are salinity-tolerant plants, which have adapted to salinized environments and even benefit from high salt concentrations for optimal growth. Two kinds of plants exist: halophytes and glycophytes. Thus, to effectively improve crop yields, it is critical to address the increasingly serious threat of soil salinization. Issues with soil salinization are aggravated by natural environment deterioration, poor irrigation practices, and climate changes. ![]() Approximately 20% of the world’s irrigated agricultural lands are adversely affected by soil salinization. Soil salinization is a major environmental challenge that is threatening agriculture across the world. Thus, how to improve crop yield and quality has become an urgent global agricultural problem. The demands on crop yield have risen sharply worldwide to keep up with the rapidly expanding human population over the past twenty years. ![]()
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